While aggregating, some fish produce sounds together in a “chorus,” continuously increasing sound levels in specific frequency bands with few, if any, distinguishable individual calls ( Greenfield and Shaw, 1983 23.Īdaptive significance of chorusing with special reference to the orthoptera,” in Orthopteran Mating Systems: Sexual Competition in Diverse Group of Insects (Westview Press, Boulder, CO), pp. This diversity allows for the discrimination of sounds among fish species, and from sounds made by other marine organisms ( Carrico et al., 2019 11.Ĭharacterization of the acoustic community of vocal fishes in the Azores,” PeerJ.ġ1, 1– 28. Individual fish calls are typically low frequency (generally 40–1000 Hz), short duration, consist of broadband pulses or tones, often with multiple-frequency harmonics, are usually produced at night, dawn, and dusk, and show great diversity among species ( Kasumyan, 2008 28.Ĥ8(11), 981– 1030. Sound production evolved approximately 33 times in Actinopterygii and is ancestral for radiations that compromise nearly 29 000 species, and thus sound production in actinopterygians is likely far more widespread than currently known (Rice et al., 2022). Inf.Įvolutionary patterns in sound production across fishes,” Ichthyol. While there is a large and growing body of literature on fish sound production, 96% of the 34 000 extant fish species lack published examinations of sound production ( Looby et al., 2023 44.įishSounds Version 1.0: A website for the compilation of fish sound production information and recordings,” Ecol. Looby et al., 2022 43.Ī quantitative inventory of global soniferous fish diversity,” Rev. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC, Vocal-acoustic communication: From neurons to brain,” in Fish Bioacoustics, edited by J. Globally, of the more than 34 000 fish species, at least 989 are currently known to produce sounds, usually while defending territory, feeding, and spawning, and likely many more are soniferous ( Winn et al., 1964 72.īehaviour, diel activities, and stimuli that elicit sound production and reactions to sounds in the longspine squirrelfish,” Copeia Underwater soundscape monitoring and fish bioacoustics: A review,” Fishesįish are important contributors to marine soundscapes, and sound production in fishes is likely far more widespread than is currently known. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is a cost-effective tool to record and study soundscapes ( Lindseth and Lobel, 2018 40. Biotic, anthropogenic, and abiotic sounds all contribute to the marine soundscape, and our understanding of how organisms utilize marine soundscapes continues to expand ( McKenna et al., 2021 52.Īdvancing the interpretation of shallow water marine soundscapes,” Front. Sounds and sound production in fishes,” J. In the ocean, where space is vast and light reduces rapidly with depth, sound attenuates slowly, so many organisms primarily use sound to interact with their environment and with others ( Kasumyan, 2008 28.
Soundscapes provide a unique opportunity to non-invasively learn about, monitor, and conserve ecosystems. Further application of SSL will improve understanding of fish behavior, essential habitat, species distribution, and potential human and climate change impacts, and thus allow for protection of vulnerable fish species.
Through application of SSL, the chorus of interest was found to be nocturnal, increased in intensity at sunset and sunrise, and was seasonally present from late Spring to late Fall. SSL was applied to 14 recording locations off southern and central California and was able to detect a single fish chorus of interest in 5.3 yrs of acoustically diverse soundscapes.
This study proposes an unsupervised automated method, called SoundScape Learning (SSL), to separate fish chorus from soundscape using an integrated technique that makes use of randomized robust principal component analysis (RRPCA), unsupervised clustering, and a neural network. Manually analyzing years of acoustic data is increasingly unfeasible, and is especially challenging with fish chorus, as multiple fish choruses can co-occur in time and frequency and can overlap with vessel noise and other transient sounds. Some fishes produce sound in chorus, often in association with mating, and there is much to learn about fish choruses and the species producing them. Marine soundscapes provide the opportunity to non-invasively learn about, monitor, and conserve ecosystems.
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